Citation and Referencing Guidelines

It is our mission to give our readers the most reliable and reputable information mirroring the latest trends in science. This is why our editorial team made a decision to clearly cite and reference each piece of information used in our content. For the sake of clarity and professionalism, our articles will use the Harvard Style of Citing and Referencing that will give due credit to the author(s) of the works we use in our content.

You can find a detailed explanation below.

A reference is a resource you use when doing your research. These resources may include books, including electronic books, journals, online sources including websites, blogs, and forums, speeches, conference papers, proceedings, and theses as well as other sources of information such as film, television, video, etc. References appear as a list at the end of the text. Even when you don’t take the exact words or paraphrase someone else’s work but instead use it as a source or inspiration for your writing, it is mandatory that you reference it at the end of your article.

Citations or in-text citations are similar to references but occur in the body of the text with direct quotes and paraphrases to identify the author/publication for the material you have used. Citations are used:

  • To show which reference supports a particular statement.
  • For direct quotes – when you repeat a passage from a text (or speech, video, etc.) in your writing without changing any words.
  • When you paraphrase – this is when you use your own words to restate the meaning of a text in your writing.
  • When citing a source, always use [“] to open a quote and [“] to close it.
  • When you are using the Harvard style of referencing, your citation should include:
    1. The author or editor of the cited work
    2. The year of publication of the cited work

Wholistique will use in-text citations which will appear in the text and references which will appear at the end of the text. Each time you cite or paraphrase a work in your articles, it is necessary to insert both in-text citation and the reference at the end.

An in-text citation would look like this: (Dugdale et al. 2018)

A reference would look like this: Dugdale, S, Holeton, R, Finkelstein, A, Johnston, J & Smith, R 2018, 7 Things you should know about emerging classroom technologies, Educause, viewed 29 June2018,<https://library.educause.edu/resources/2018/4/7-things-you-should-know-about-emerging-classroom-technologies>.

The format of in-text citations and references will depend on several factors, such as the number of authors, type of reference (e-book, audio material, printed edition, journal, etc.). Depending on the type of material you cite or paraphrase, the format of your in-text citations and references will have to follow the guidelines below.

When enlisting the list of references, make sure to use a bullet point for each of them.

  • Citing a web page

In-text citation: (Author Surname Year)

…empower our children to continually give the gift of self-esteem to themselves!” (Bernstein 2016)

Reference: Author Surname, Initial(s) Year (page created or revised), Title of page, Publisher (if applicable), viewed Day Month Year, .

Bernstein, J 2016, Three Words We Must Tell Our Kids Other Than, “I Love You!”, viewed 11 November 2019, https://www.psychologytoday.com/hk/blog/liking-the-child-you-love/201511/three-words-we-must-tell-our-kids-other-i-love-you?amp

  • Citing a webpage with an organizational author

In-text citation: (Organisational name Year)

…excluding potato and other starchy roots, plus 2-3 servings of low-fat dairy, and 3-6 oz. (85-170 grams) of lean meats and fish a day (World Health Organization 2018).

Reference: Organisational name Year (page created or revised), Title of a specific document, Publisher (if applicable), viewed Day Month Year, .

World Health Organization 2018, Healthy Diet, viewed on 11 November 2019, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet

  • Web document/report

In-text citation: (Author Surname Year)

All of these bonuses come with the aforementioned moderate-intensity exercise proving that it helps with the effects of both the state and trait anxiety (Schlicht 2007).

Reference: Author Surname, Initial/s Year, Title of a specific document, Publisher if applicable, viewed Day Month Year.

D’Amato, A, Henderson, S & Florence, S 2009, Corporate social responsibility and sustainable business: a guide to leadership tasks and functions, Centre for Creative Leadership, viewed 22 January 2015,<http://insights.ccl.org/wp content/uploads/2015/04/CorporateSocialResponsibility.pdf>.

  • Web page with no author

In-text citation: (Title Year)

According to the International Osteoporosis Foundation, “one in three women and one in five men aged 50 years and over are at risk of an osteoporotic fracture”. (What is Osteoporosis 2017)

Reference: Title of a web page or document Year, Publisher (if applicable), viewed Day Month Year.

What is Osteoporosis 2017, International Osteoporosis Foundation, viewed 11 November, https://www.iofbonehealth.org/what-osteoporosis-0.

  • Webpage with no date

In-text citation: (Author n.d.)

In fact, studies show that only 5–8% of people aged 60 and over develop dementia. (Krista Hillis n.d.)

Reference: Author n.d., Title of a specific document, viewed Day Month Year.

Krista Hillis n.d., Dementia Statistics – U.S. & Worldwide Stats, viewed 11 November, https://braintest.com/dementia-stats-u-s-worldwide/

  • Blog post

In-text citation: (Author Surname Year)

…concluding that these “trips may have a preventive effect on cancer generation and development.” (Li 2010)

Reference: Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, ‘Title of specific post’, Blog name, blog post, viewed Day Month Year.

Hagon, P. 2009, ‘Immediate sharing’, What’s New, blog post, viewed 10 January 2009, <http://www.paulhagon.com/ blog/2009/09/27/immediate-sharing/>.

  • Journal article with 1 author

In-text citation: (Author Surname Year)

…in today’s world of instant attention that comes and goes when cell phones light up, empower our children to continually give the gift of self-esteem to themselves!” (Bernstein 2016)

Reference: Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Title, volume, issue or number, page range (if available), viewed Day Month Year.

Gruenwald, RK 2013, ‘Entrepreneurship challenges in high-growth companies and consequences for SME policy’, Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 41-54, viewed 10 June 2015 <http://eber.uek.krakow.pl/index.php/eber/article/view/4>.

  • Journal article with 2 authors

In-text citation: (Author Surname & Author Surname Year)

Not only does journaling help reduce stress and anxiety while enforcing positive emotions and gratitude, but it also translates to better physical health and higher academic performance (Khramtsova & Glasscock 2010).

Reference: Author Surname, Initial(s) & Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Title, volume, issue or number, page range, viewed Day Month Year.

  • Journal article with 3 authors

In-text citation: (Author Surname, Author Surname & Author Surname Year)

…excessive amount of time spent sitting or lying down, negatively influencing the overall health, regardless of how much or how often you exercise (Pate, O’Neil & Lobelo 2008).

Reference: Author Surname, Initial(s), Author Surname, Initial(s) & Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Title, volume, issue or number, page range, viewed Day Month Year.

Koutra, C, Thespol, M & Ngugi, IK 2015, ‘The Role of branding, promotion and sub-culture in the consumption of breakfast cereals in Thailand’, Journal of Hotel & Business Management, vol. 4, no. 1, viewed 28 October 2016, <https://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/the-role-of-branding-promotion-and-subculture-in-the-consumption-ofbreakfast-cereals-in-thailand-2169-0286-1000113.php?aid=57125>.

  • Journal article with 4 and more authors

In-text citation: (Surname of the first listed author et al. Year)

What’s more, “there are also immediate benefits from spending time in nature, such as higher positive affect, increased energy, and less anger.” (Li et al. 2018)

Reference: Author Surname, Initial(s), Author Surname, Initial(s), Author Surname, Initial(s) & Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Title, volume, number or issue, page range, viewed Day Month Year.

Salleh, NHM, Siong-Hook, L, Ramachandran, S, Shuib, A & Noor, ZM 2008, ‘Asian tourism demand for Malaysia: a bound test approach’, Contemporary Management Research, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 351-368, viewed 12 October 2014, <http://www.cmr-journal.org/article/viewArticle/1178>.

  • Magazine article

In-text citation: (Author Surname Year)

Leicester’s season was ‘hailed as a sporting miracle’ (Wagg 2016)

Reference: Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, ‘Article title’, Magazine Title, Day Month, page range. viewed Day Month Year.

Kuttner, R 2003, ‘The great American pension-fund robbery’, Business Week, 8 September, pp. 24-26, viewed 20 January 2012, <http://www.businessweek.com/>.

  • Newspaper article

In-text citation: (Author Surname Year)

Leicester’s season was ‘hailed as a sporting miracle’ (Puvanenthiran 2016)

Reference: Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, ‘Article title’, Newspaper Title, Day, Month, page range, viewed Day Month Year.

Puvanenthiran, B 2016, ‘Holographic creation company gets boost from Alibaba’s investment arm’, Sydney Morning Herald, 28 September, viewed 08 January 2017, <http://www.smh.com.au/small-business/startup/holographic-creation-company-gets-boost-from-alibabas-investment-arm-20160927-grphjz.html>.

  • Book with 1 author

In-text citation: (Author Surname Year)

Applying brute force is never an answer. It’s “a way of teaching children to rely on it themselves.” (Kohn 2005)

Reference: Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Book title, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Tracy, B 2011, Full engagement!: inspire, motivate, and bring out the best in your people, AMACOM, New York.

  • Book with 2 author

In-text citation: (Author Surname & Author Surname Year)

…being constantly fussy and annoying, which is a slippery slope leading toward misunderstanding (Östberg & Hagekull, 2010).

Reference: Author Surname, Initial(s) & Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Book title, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Abigail, R & Cahn, D 2011, Managing conflict through communication, 4th edn, Allyn & Bacon, Boston.

  • Book with 3 authors

In-text citation: (Author Surname, Author Surname & Author Surname Year)

The quality of this kind of communication has been proven to help adolescents to increase their prosocial behavior, emotional well-being, and overall life satisfaction (Elgar, Craig, & Trites 2012).

Reference: Author Surname, Initial(s), Author Surname, Initial(s) & Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Book title, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Holland, G, Crossley, K & Yap, W 2014, Social media law and marketing: fans, followers and online infamy, Lawbook Co., Pyrmont, NSW.

  • Book with 4 or more authors

In-text citation: (Surname of first listed author et al. Year)

…breakfast skippers were almost imperceptible, and it became obvious that “breakfast skippers did not compensate their energy intake later in the day.” (Sievert et al. 2007)

Reference: Author Surname, Initial(s), Author Surname, Initial(s), Author Surname, Initial(s) & Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Book title, edition, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Kotler, P, Brown, L, Burton, S, Deans, KR & Armstrong, G 2010, Marketing, 8th edn, Pearson Australia, French Forest, NSW.

  • Book with no author

In-text citation: (Book title Year)

It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age 1985)

Reference: Book title Year, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Webster’s basic English dictionary 2000, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA.

  • E-book

In-text citation: (Author Surname Year)

Extinction has played a role in “widening the intervals between the several groups in each class”. (Darwin 2007)

Reference: Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Book title, edition/version, Publisher, place (or name and place of the sponsor of the source), viewed Day Month Year, .

Lipman, FL 1918, Creating capital: money-making as an aim in business, Project Gutenberg, viewed 25 February 2012, <http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29673/29673-h/29673-h.htm>.

  • Encyclopedia

In-text citation: (Author Surname Year) or the title (italicised) and year of the dictionary or encyclopedia if there is an author.

The Collins dictionary of business (2002) defines…

Reference: Author Surname [of Article], Initial(s) Year, ‘Article title’, in Editor First Initial(s) Surname (ed.), Reference book title (ed. edition), vol., Publisher, Place of Publication, page range of article.

Truncellito, DA n.d., ‘Epistemology’, in Internet encyclopedia of philosophy, viewed 28 May 2017, <https://www.iep.utm.edu/epistemo/>.

  • Online and streaming videos

In-text citation: (Author Surname Year)

…ever-present question about art is how it impacts on us (Gough 2017).

Reference: Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Title of video, online video, Publisher (if applicable), Place of Publication (if applicable), viewed Day, Month Year.

Southern Cross University Library 2018, Scholarly vs non-scholarly sources, online video, viewed 22 October 2018, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqt7M4I-bQM>.

  • Podcasts

In-text citation: (Author SurnameYear)

…ever-present question about art is how it impacts on us (Gough 2017).

Reference: Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Title of podcast/vodcast, podcast/vodcast, Publisher (if applicable), Place of Publication (if applicable), viewed Day, Month Year, .

Bragg, S 2014, Inventory variances, podcast, viewed 8 March 2015, <http://traffic.libsyn.com/stevebragg/Episode186L.mp3>.

  • Published conference proceedings

In-text citation: (Author Surname Year)

Children’s books are … (Gleeson 1997).

Reference: Author Surname, Initial(s) Year of publication, ‘Title of paper’, in (Initial and Surname of editors), Title of published proceedings which may include place held and date, Publisher, Place of Publication, page number(s).

Wilde, S & Cox, C 2008, ‘Principal factors contributing to the competitiveness of tourism destinations at varying stages of development’, in S Richardson, L Fredline, A Patiar & M Ternel (eds.), CAUTHE 2008: Where the ‘bloody hell’ are we?, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, pp. 115-8.

  • Government publications

In-text citation: (Government Year)

….on helping small firms start to grow and prosper (South Australia State Government 2001)

Reference: Government name Year, Title of publications, Publisher, Place of Publication if applicable, viewed Date Month Year.

South Australia State Government 2001, Mid-year budget review, Department of Treasury and Finance (South Australia), viewed 8 May 2002, <http://www.treasury.sa.gov.au/finance/pdf/ mybr2001-02.pdf>.

  • Secondary sources

In-text citation *books and journals: (Author Surname, cited in Author Surname Year)

…simple definition of social justice (David Miller, cited in Lister 2007)

Reference journals: Lister, R 2007, ‘Social justice: meanings and politics’, Benefits, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 113-25.

Reference books: cite the source, not the original

Bertram, F 1997, The tragedy of youth, 2nd edn, Macmillan, New York.

Paraphrasing and Quoting

When you quote the exact words from an author, make sure to use quotation marks. If you change any parts of the original quote, insert [ ] around the changed part within that quote.

“It [driving] imposes a heavy procedural workload on cognition that . . . leaves little processing capacity available for other tasks”

If you paraphrase a piece of text, there is no need to use quotation marks as long as you give due credit to the author(s) according to the Harvard Referencing Style mentioned above.

Recent research indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published is increasing (Arrami & Garner 2008).

Authors should make an effort to cite papers NO OLDER than 5-10 years because our articles need to reflect the latest state of scientific research.

The only instances when you may use citations older than that is when:

  • The paper mentions some crucial discoveries in science that introduced huge changes.
  • The paper includes standardizations or “discoveries” of certain scales (DASH questionnaires)
  • The paper contains a staggering number of patients which is hard to repeat (in certain types of diseases, injuries, etc.)
  • The paper contains case and single case studies on certain rare diseases, injuries, or health conditions that occur once in a while or on extremely rare occasions.